Budapest Bank: Can a Conduct Be a Restriction by Object and by Effect? (C-228/18 Gazdasági Versenyhivatal v Budapest Bank Nyrt. and Others) journal article Maria Gaia Pazzi European Competition and Regulatory Law Review, Volume 4 (2020), Issue 3, Page 231 - 235 Case C-228/18 Gazdasági Versenyhivatal v Budapest Bank Nyrt. and Others, Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (Fifth Chamber) of 2 April 2020 How to define a conduct as an anticompetitive restriction ‘by object’ pursuant to Article 101(1) TFEU and when the effects of such a conduct should be considered. Has the Court shifted the burden of proof in the two-prong test under Article 101 paragraph 1 and paragraph 3 of the TFEU and what is the possible impact on the competition authorities’ practice?
Theories of Harm in the Implementation of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation Adina Claici, Peter Davis, Gerhard Dijkstra